| 07-12-2014 | 11:15 uur |
(NATTE/ZOUTE) DROOM OF NACHTMERRIE – 8
De quaggamossel
De landsregering heeft de “ontwerp-rijksstructuurvisie Grevelingen en Volkerak-Zoommeer” vastgesteld en daarmee het voornemen kenbaar gemaakt een beperkt getij terug te brengen in het Volkerak-Zoommeer en deze wateren op termijn te verzilten.
De afgelopen jaren is de overlast van de blauwalg in het Volkerak-Zoommeer aanzienlijk afgenomen door de graas van een in Nederland relatieve nieuwkomer (exoot): de quaggamossel. In bij de ontwerp-rijksstructuurvisie behorende stukken, zoals het milieueffectrapport, komt de ontwikkeling van de quaggamossel met regelmaat aan de orde, zie onder staande citaten:
Pagina 80: “De autonome ontwikkeling van de waterkwaliteit in het Volkerak-Zoommeer is onzeker. Een scenario waarin de quaggamossel die zich in het gebied heeft gevestigd voor een blijvende verbetering zorgt, is voorstelbaar. Experts op dit gebied voorzien volgens de genoemde ‘Quick scan’ echter ook een ander scenario: terugval van het aantal van deze mosselen, gevolgd door opnieuw toenemende overlast van blauwalgen als gevolg van de nog steeds aanwezige grote hoeveelheden fosfaat en de hoge stikstofbelasting in het meer. Snelle groei gevolgd door een terugval van populaties exoten, onder meer door hun gevoeligheid voor ziekten, is een bekend verschijnsel en zou dus ook in het geval van de quaggamossel in het Volkerak-Zoommeer kunnen optreden.”
Pagina 81: “Bij een autonome ontwikkeling waarin de quaggamossel wel voor een blijvende verbetering zorgt, kan de toestand binnen enkele jaren verbeteren naar ‘goed’ voor doorzicht en het kwaliteitselement fytoplankton.”
Pagina 104: “Sinds 2008 nemen de algenconcentraties af, met name als gevolg van begrazing door de quaggamossel die zich in het water heeft gevestigd. Deze situatie kan in het zichtjaar nog steeds aan de orde zijn, maar het is ook goed mogelijk dat de populatie van deze exoot weer geheel of gedeeltelijk uit het water is verdwenen en de algenconcentraties opnieuw zijn opgelopen.”
De ‘experts’ geven in de stukken aan dat er een kans is dat deze exoot weer grotendeels verdwijnt. Een echte onderbouwing van deze gedachte wordt in geen van de geleverde stukken gegeven, behalve dat het een soort van risico is verbonden aan elke exoot. De quaggamossel (Dreissena bugensis) is weliswaar relatief kort in ons land (2004) maar een naast familielid, de driehoeksmossel is al langer hier. Deze komt al in Nederland voor sinds het begin van de 20e eeuw. Beiden komen uit het Ponto-Kaspische gebied en kunnen, zo is in het Zwarte Zee gebied gebleken, nogal wat klimaatvariaties aan. Het is een mossel die houdt van zoet water met niet te hoge zoutgehalten en hecht zich graag aan een harde ondergrond. Hun belangrijkste kenmerk is: ze eten grote hoeveelheden fytoplankton, zoöplankton en algen waardoor het water zeer helder wordt. Toch zijn er tal van ‘experts’ die denken dat ze ook zomaar weer kunnen verdwijnen. Nu kan natuurlijk bijna alles. Dus ook ziekten zouden deze exoot kunnen bedreigen, maar als een familielid die hier al circa 90 jaar zich staande houdt (en voor een leek zijn ze bijna niet van elkaar te onderscheiden) dan lijkt dat ‘verdwijn-verhaal’ niet erg waarschijnlijk.
In de circa 3.000 pagina’s die ik heb gelezen met een relatie tot de ontwerp-rijksstructuurvisie heb ik gespeurd naar aanwijzingen op wat die verdwijntheorie van de quaggamossel gebaseerd zou kunnen zijn. Ik denk hem gevonden te hebben. Kijkend naar inlaattabellen lijkt het of bij stijgende chloridegehalten de effectiviteit van de graas op de blauwalg door de quaggamossel bij hogere chloridegehalten daalt, omdat naar mijn informatie de quaggamossel bij hogere chloridegehalten zijn schelpen sluit. Zonder dat er voldoende cijfers zijn voor een harde uitspraak, lijkt het erop dat in een aantal gevallen de inlaat eerst sloot vanwege te hoge chloridegehaltes en daarna vanwege blauwalgbloei. Als, zoals nu gebeurt, sluipend de chloridegehaltes in het Volkerak-Zoommeer door achterstallig onderhoud stijgen (zie artikel: Wat is de oorzaak van de sluipende verzilting?) dan is het helder: dan daalt de effectiviteit van de blauwalggraas van de quaggamossel en kan hij bij nog hogere zoutgehalten uit het Volkerak-Zoommeer verdwijnen. Hij verdwijnt dan niet door een ziekte maar omdat zijn leefomgeving door wanbeleid wordt aangetast. Soms verdenk ik die knappe koppen, die al deze stukken schrijven, van enige vooringenomenheid. En dat het al jaren niet voldoende onderhouden van bijvoorbeeld de Krammersluizen het opzettelijk werken is naar een zout Volkerak-Zoommeer. Ik verwacht van een overheid, die goedkoop een overlastprobleem zou willen bestrijden, dat zij het hun werknemers (de quaggamossel) makkelijker zouden maken door zoutgehaltes omlaag te brengen en hier en daar te zorgen voor wat meer harde ondergronden waar deze beestjes zich op kunnen hechten.
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