DE TOEKOMST VAN DE BIESBOSCH
Door: W. Borm en C. Huijgens
De Biesbosch van vroeger wordt gekoesterd. Boeken met historische prenten en sfeerimpressies gaan als zoete broodjes over de toonbank.
Met de ´terug in de tijd doelstelling´ zoetwatergetijdenmilieu voor het Nationaal Park wordt er op papier nog altijd een getijdengebied neergezet, terwijl in werkelijkheid het buitendijkse milieu onder invloed staat van de rivieren.
Sterft de Biesbosch een langzame dood of herrijst ze als natuurgebied?
Veranderend landschap
Dat de oude Biesbosch verdwijnt, is iedere trouwe bezoeker meer dan duidelijk. Hiervan getuigen boeken als “De Biesbosch, het karakter na de grote verandering” en “Van hennip tot netelbos”, onderzoeken en inventarisaties. Afkalving en bodemaanslibbing zijn de belangrijkste processen. Na 1970 nam de verontreiniging van de waterbodems hier ongekende vormen aan. Het buitendijks milieu kreeg een bedenkelijke kwaliteit en bleef vanwege het onregelmatige riviergedrag soortenarm. Robuust en dynamisch, roepen de liefhebbers van zo´n ruig landschap. Kwantiteit, maar geen kwaliteit, waarschuwen de biologen.
Op hogere en geïsoleerde plaatsen hebben vervuiling en verstoring gelukkig minder invloed. Men kan er waardevolle bosontwikkeling en moerasvorming waarnemen.
Geïsoleerde natuurpoldertjes veranderden in ware vogelparadijzen.
In de Biesbosch leidde menig natuurproject tot een teleurstelling. Dit door het streven naar zogenaamde oorspronkelijkheid middels herstelwerkzaamheden, in plaats van in te spelen op veranderingen.
Zelfs veertig jaar na de afsluiting van het Haringvliet werd een poging ondernomen om in de Zuiderklip een zoetwatergetijdenmilieu te krijgen.
Het ontbreken van doorstroming en getij veroorzaakte deze zomer al een brei als erwtensoep, een dikke laag draadalg bedekte het wateroppervlak (zie foto).
De Zuiderklip bij de observatiepost op 11 augustus 2009 Foto: C. Huijgens
Voor het project Zuiderklip wordt de komende periode aan de hand van een milieueffectrapportage gezocht naar een betere inrichting.
Met een bestemmingswijziging van getijdengebied naar bijvoorbeeld water, moeras, rietvelden en weidevogelgebied kan dit hart van de Brabantse Biesbosch alsnog een natuurfunctie krijgen.
Als er goede milieuvoorwaarden worden geschapen door inrichting en beheer, dan kan de natuur hier zelf een duurzame invulling aan geven.
De Biesbosch op weg naar een Natura 2000 gebied
De Biesbosch staat op de nominatie om een Natura 2000 gebied te worden en de procedure hiervoor gaat al in 2009 van start. De Europese Unie wil hiermee de achteruitgang in biodiversiteit stoppen. Om in aanmerking te komen zijn duurzame en kwalitatief goede ontwikkelingsmogelijkheden vereist.
In opdracht van het ministerie van LNV starten de DLG (Dienst Landelijk Gebied) en Staatsbosbeheer met betrokkenen in september 2009 met het samenstellen van het beheerplan voor de Biesbosch. Het plan gaat de locaties van de in stand te houden natuurwaarden beschrijven, geeft aan waar en in welke mate en in welk tempo natuurwaarden moeten worden ontwikkeld, omschrijft de beleid- en beheersmaatregelen die nodig zijn om de doelen te bereiken of te handhaven, welke bestaande activiteiten hiervoor schadelijk zijn en hoe de uitvoering van het beheerplan verder wordt gemonitord en gefinancierd. Dit beheerplan is al in december 2010 in concept gereed. Als parkbeheerder heeft Staatsbosbeheer invloed op de binnendijkse en hogere delen. Hier kan het nieuwe beheerplan zich op richten. Voor het buitendijks gebied kunnen slecht globale verwachtingen en wensen beschreven worden. Daar bepaalt straks het integraal landelijk waterbeheer de gang van zaken. Het komende Nationaal Waterplan heeft twee hoofddoelen, namelijk waterveiligheid en zoetwatervoorziening. Welke rol kan de Biesbosch hierin spelen?
De Biesbosch en de waterveiligheid
Bij hoge rivierafvoeren ligt de Biesbosch op de overgang van waterafvoer naar noodberging. Nu krijgt de Noordwaard een belangrijke functie in de nooddoorstroming van het Rijnwater. De doorstromingsfunctie van de Brabantse Biesbosch is echter te verwaarlozen, omdat het water dat via de smalle Bergse Maas wordt aangevoerd gemakkelijk is te verwerken door de rivier de Amer. Het ziet ernaar uit dat hier de rol als wateropvang van grotere betekenis zal zijn.
Het artikel in BN/De Stem van P. de Schipper “Dongemondregio diep onder water bij overstroming” van 26 november 2008 maakt de noodzaak en het ruimtetekort wat betreft wateropvangcapaciteit duidelijk. Een overstroming van de Randstad kan onze maatschappij ontwrichten. Bij zeer hoge rivierafvoeren gaat dan ook het Rijnmondgebied dicht en stroomt het water richting Biesbosch en Haringvliet. Nu is het Haringvliet voor tijdelijke rivierwateropvang in de Zuidwestelijke Delta te klein. Stagnatie van doorstroming in het Hollandsch Diep vergroot bij hoge rivierafvoeren het overstromingsrisico in de regio ten oosten van Moerdijk.
Zuidwest Nederland voelt nu al nattigheid.
Veel zal afhangen van de keuzes die gemaakt gaan worden voor de inrichting van de Zuidwestelijke Delta. Alleen als daar de noodberging- en spuimogelijkheden maximaal benut worden kan het overstromingsgevaar in de Biesboschregio worden beperkt.
Overstromingskaart Dongemondregio Kaart: BN/De Stem
De Biesbosch en de zoetwatervoorziening
Regionale zoetwatervoorziening is afhankelijk van de aanvoer uit het hoofdwatersysteem. De herijking van de zoetwaterverdeling in Nederland start in 2009 en dient in 2015 afgerond te zijn. Deze verdeling bepaalt onder meer de inrichtingmogelijkheden voor de wateren van de Zuidwestelijke Delta. De kans bestaat dat het Volkerak-Zoommeer, het op een na grootste zoetwaterbassin van Nederland, zout gaat worden. Het zoete water van het Haringvliet dreigt vervolgens door de Kier (experimentele doorstroming van zout water bij de Haringvlietsluizen), door achterwaartse verzilting via het Spui en door zoutindring bij de Volkeraksluizen te worden besmet. Het tijdelijk of definitief in onbruik raken van innamepunten van zoet water maakt het noodzakelijk om alternatieve voorzieningen aan te brengen en voor tijden van schaarste voorraadvorming te creëren.
Toen in de zestiger jaren in de Biesbosch de spaarbekkens werden aangelegd zagen velen het verdwijnen van de landbouwpolders als een bedreiging. Toch maakten deze bekkens de weg vrij voor de instelling van een Nationaal Park. Uiteindelijk bleek een vierde spaarbekken overbodig.
Zoetwatervoorraden in open verbinding met het riviersysteem lopen het risico dat ze verontreinigd kunnen worden. De enige kwalitatief hoogwaardige voorraadvorming die zekerheid geeft, is die in spaarbekkens. Tot nu toe zijn er in de Biesbosch drie aangelegd. Met het te verwachten verlies aan zoetwaterbuffers neemt de vraag toe en is het niet denkbeeldig dat er weer gedacht gaat worden over de aanleg van een of meer spaarbekkens in de Biesboschregio. Gezien de locatie en de bestaande infrastructuur ligt deze keuze voor de hand.
Mocht er afgezien worden van de verzilting van het Volkerak-Zoommeer en kunnen bij de herijking van de zoetwaterverdeling in Nederland de zoetwatervoorraden in de Zuidwestelijke Delta behouden blijven, dan zijn de bestaande bekkens in de Biesbosch voldoende.
De beste combinatie
Veel is nog onzeker wat betreft de buitendijkse Biesbosch.
Als we eindigen met een duurzaam Nationaal Waterplan, een bij hoge rivierafvoeren overstroombare Noordwaard, schone kunstmatige meren in de vorm van spaarbekkens en een nieuw beheerplan voor de natuurpolders en hogere gronden, dan is deze combinatie het best haalbare voor de toekomst van het Nationaal Park.
Wellicht voldoet de Biesbosch hiermee aan de normen voor Natura 2000.
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