| 04-03-2015 | 10:30 uur |
ZOUTE LESSEN
Verzilting is in grote delen van Nederland al eeuwen een probleem. In de moderne tijd, waarin we steeds meer kennis hebben van de problemen in de wereld, blijkt dat verzilting van kust- en woestijngebieden een mondiaal probleem is. Grote landbouwgebieden, die bevloeid werden, zijn zodanig verzilt dat ze onbruikbaar zijn geworden.
In grote delen van Nederland is verzilting al heel lang een probleem. Een probleem waar voor wij eeuwen zoeken naar oplossingen en manieren om er mee om te gaan. Zo is er een ziltproefbedrijf op Texel waar onderzoek wordt gedaan naar zilte teelten. In december 2013 is Perry de Louw gepromoveerd op een proefschrift met als titel ‘Saline Seepage in deltaic areas‘, met als één van de belangrijkste conclusies dat ‘zoute wellen de belangrijkste verziltingsbron zijn in onze polders’. Deltares wijdde er ter gelegenheid van de promotie een symposium aan.
Is het allemaal nieuw? Zeker niet. Het verdrag van de Vrede van Utrecht (1713) bevatte al een artikel: de grens moest zodanig worden vastgelegd dat er bij dreigende vijandelijkheden zoet waterinundaties konden worden uitgevoerd in plaats van zoute om verzilting van rijke landbouwgronden te voorkomen. Dit werd vormgegeven in het Barrièretraktaat van 1715, waarin 22 polders werden toegevoegd aan Staats-Vlaanderen (nu ons Zeeuws-Vlaanderen). Verzilting door de inundaties met zout water was verwoestend gebleken voor de kwaliteit van de landbouwgronden en zelfs strijdende partijen begrepen dat, als ze welvaart en eten wilden, ze met het verzilten van goede landbouwgronden moesten stoppen en waren zelfs bereid (veroverde) polders daarvoor op te geven.
Een ander voorbeeld van de strijd tegen verzilting is te vinden in een advies van de opzichter-generaal van ’s lands zeewercken’ uit 1777, toen op 6 januari 1777 de heren van de heerlijkheid Zaamslag het recht kregen om de schorren ten noorden van de Groote Huissenspolder te bedijken. In zijn rapport aan de Raad van State was de motivering: dat de achterliggende Groote Huissenspolder bevrijd zou worden van de ‘quellinge’ van het zoute water.
Het grote belang van het tegengaan van verzilting van West-Brabant is reeds eerder door de landsregering terzijde geschoven. Als voorbeeld: Toen Engelse troepen in de zomer van 1809 landden in Zeeland, viel Schouwen snel in hun handen. Het opperbevel was van mening dat de landerijen van West-Brabant geïnundeerd moesten worden. De toenmalige Heemraad Van der Pluym (tevens wethouder van Breda) van het Heemraadschap van de Mark en Dintel spoedde zich naar de Generale Staf met het verzoek aan de Koning niet de sluizen bij Dintelsas te openen vanwege de rampzalige gevolgen voor de sluis in aanbouw en de inundatie met verzilt water. De Koning luisterde. Maar vijf dagen later gaf de minister van oorlog alsnog het bevel de onvoltooide sluizen te openen met alle verwoestende gevolgen voor het bouwwerk van dien en de verzilting van de kostbare landerijen, terwijl de inundatie volgens de waterstaatsdeskundigen net zo goed via de Roode Vaart had plaats kunnen vinden. Sluismeester Jan van Haaften moest onder druk van overste Hennekin de sluizen openen, waarna de vloed “als een veelvraat zijn verloren domein hernam en de sluis in aanbouw grote schade opliep de oogst verloren ging en de bodem voor jaren verzilte”. (Bron: de geschiedenis van het Hoogheemraadschap van de Mark en de Dintel van de hand van G.W.G. van Bree).
Vanaf 22 november 1819 werd er een plan van aanpak van wederdichting (herstel van de sluis) en een kanaalplan voor het Mark/Dintel systeem voor belangstellenden op het gemeentehuis van Oudenbosch gedurende dertig dagen ter visie gelegd. De reacties bleven niet uit. Eén van de vele die reageerden was de stad Breda met tal van suggesties en grieven. Breda was ongerust voor de lange droge zomers en het daardoor droogvallen van de rivier. “Men zal dan om de scheepvaart te gerieven de sluis te Dintelsas openen en zout water inzetten, onbruikbaar voor de behoeften van menschen en vee; verwoestend voor de weinige fabrijken en trafijken, die aan de stad van haren vorigen welvaart zijn overgebleven; en verderfelijk voor de gezondheid van allen.”
Toen leidde inspraak al tot rake opmerkingen over zout water en haar bedreigingen.
Verzilting is altijd een aandachtspunt geweest voor waterschappen in hun zorg voor de kwaliteit en productiviteit van landbouwgronden. Als voorbeeld dat ik recent gelezen heb in “Van water tot land, Polders en waterschappen in midden Zeeuws-Vlaanderen 1600-1999” op pagina 135, handelend over de start in 1965 van het waterschap De verenigde Braakmanpolders:
“Aanvankelijk bleef de taak van het nieuwe waterschap beperkt tot de traditionele waterstaatstaken, te weten de wering van het buitenwater, het beheer van het binnenwater, het beheer van de polderwegen en waterlopen en het tegengaan van de verzilting.”
Ook de waterschappen van nu hebben wat Ons Water betreft nog steeds de taak verzilting tegen te gaan.
Louis van der Kallen
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