| 25-11-2015 | 01:15 uur |
ZEELAND, ZOUT, ZOUTER, HET ZOUTST
Het oorspronkelijke Deltaplan voorzag dan wel in een zoet Zeeuws merengebied, maar uiteindelijk bleven Oosterschelde en Grevelingen geheel zout. Vervolgens stopte de aanvoer van rivierwater. Zeeland lag nog nooit zo sterk in het zout als nu. Alsof dit niet erg genoeg is, beoogt de deltabeslissing Zoetwater (!) om Zeeland buitensporig in de pekel te leggen door beperkt getij op het Grevelingenmeer toe te laten en het zoete Volkerak-Zoommeer (VZM) te verzilten. Zo wordt de indringing van zout nog verder landinwaarts verlegd naar de West-Brabantse rivieren met vrijwel onomkeerbare effecten voor het grondwater.
Welk doel dienen deze rigoureuze en uiterst kostbare ingrepen?
Waar draagt deze planvorming bij aan waterveiligheid en zoetwatervoorziening en hoe verhoudt zich dit tot het algemeen belang? Ir. Wil Lases vraagt zich in dit artikel af welke argumenten de beleidsmakers hebben om daar geen rekening mee te houden.
Natuurkrachten
In onze delta zijn we onderhevig aan de invloed van natuurkrachten op land en water en de interactie tussen zee en rivieren. Krachten die vele malen groter zijn dan de mens en die we alleen met inzicht en kennis enigszins kunnen geleiden. Zijn we de redenen voor het aloude visionaire Deltaplan voor de veiligheid en de waterhuishouding vergeten? Is het bewustzijn van de kracht en de macht van het water weggeëbd? Toch zal aan die lijn moeten worden vastgehouden om op lange termijn te kunnen overleven.
Zoet water is kostbaar
De laatste vier eeuwen zijn onze zeearmen steeds sterker gaan uitschuren en dieper geworden. De verzilting nam daarmee sterk toe. Het zoutgehalte bleef evenwel vanaf de mondingen afnemen naar de Brabantse Wal, waar onder invloed van de rivierafvoeren het zoutgehalte het laagst was. Het zoutgehalte van water varieert van bijna 0 tot 19 gram Cl’/l. Zoet water voor de landbouw heeft een zoutgehalte van 0 tot 0,3 gram Cl’/l. Het maakt slechts 1,5% uit van het gehele interval aan zoutgehaltes. Het zo lang mogelijk zoet houden van oppervlakte- en grondwater is het algemene belang en gaat boven groepsbelangen. De mens leeft op het land van zoet water en wil overleven in de delta. Men moet zich dat goed bewust zijn. Daarbij komt dat zout water zwaarder is dan zoet water en het zoete(re) water gemakkelijk kan verdringen. Zoet water is uiterst gevoelig en een kostbaar goed.
Zelfredzaamheid eilanden gaat verloren
De eilanden konden zich goed redden met de zoetwaterbellen in de duinen en in de werpzanden, die eveneens boven de zeespiegel lagen. Hoe lager het zoutgehalte in de omgeving, hoe omvangrijker die zoetwaterbellen waren en kunnen zijn. Er komt inmiddels geen zoet water meer van de grote rivieren op de Oosterschelde en de Grevelingen. Deze wateren zijn nog nooit zo zout geweest en zouden dat met de bedoeling van het Deltaplan en ook zonder de huidige infrastructuur in geen eeuwen geweest zijn.
Door de deltabeslissing Zoetwater zal het Grevelingenmeer nog wat in zoutgehalte toenemen en het VZM, dat zich al dertig jaar als zoet meer ontwikkelt, wordt volledig ecologisch teniet gedaan met een zoutgehalte van 10 tot 16 gram Cl’/l. Dat is een aanmerkelijk hoger zoutgehalte dan vóór de delta-infrastructuur. Het open water in Zeeland wordt kunstmatig maximaal verzilt, zodat verdringing van het zoetere grondwater langzaam maar zeker plaatsvindt. De vraag naar zoet water op de eilanden en langs de rand van de lagere delen van de Brabantse Wal zal daardoor toenemen. Door afgravingen, zonder respect voor de natuur van het bestaande land, wordt steeds meer bodemweerstand tegen verzilting weggehaald. Dit heeft grote negatieve consequenties voor de mogelijkheden van zoetwaterbellen van enige omvang. Bovendien worden juist in de duinen en de hoog gelegen randen vakantieparken aangelegd, wat niet bevorderlijk is voor de kwaliteit van zoet grondwater en de omvang er van. Het aanleggen van pijpleidingen vanuit het Brabantse om de eilanden van zoet water te voorzien en ’s winters te injecteren in de bodem voor de landbouw is lokaal beperkt haalbaar en niet duurzaam.
Deelbelangen blokkeren het algemeen belang
Terwijl in heel Nederland verzilting als een groot probleem wordt beschouwd, wordt deze in het zuidwesten in hoge mate gestimuleerd onder invloed van zoutlobby’s met relatief beperkte belangen. Landelijk uniformiteit in beleid ontbreekt. Sommige biologen beweren dat getij en zout bij Zeeland horen, maar verhullen de antropogene oorsprong van de zeegaten. De mens zelf gaf er de zee de kans het lage land zwaar aan te tasten. Dit resulteerde in eilandpolders te midden van zeegaten. Het verder binnenhalen van zout en getij is dan ook historisch geografisch onjuist.
Het primaire belang eerst
Het visionaire Deltaplan voorzag in het weer sluiten van de kustlijn voor optimale veiligheid en in versterking van de zoetwaterhuishouding voor de eilanden. Zoete Zeeuwse wateren, waaronder een zoet Grevelingenmeer. Daarmee werd vooruit verdedigd, zowel wat de waterveiligheid betrof als tegen de verzilting. Met de blijvende relatieve zeespiegelstijging zet de verzilting sluipend en ondermijnend door.
Primair van belang is het zoete(re) water naar de kust te brengen om de toenemende verzilting van bodem en oppervlaktewater landinwaarts zoveel mogelijk te vertragen. Daar zou maximaal op gestuurd moeten worden. Er kleven wellicht bepaalde onvolkomenheden aan het Deltaplan in biologische zin, maar deze hoeven niet te leiden tot onnodige tegendraadse ingrepen met schier onomkeerbare effecten.
Ir. W. Lases
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