| 28-08-2020 |
Waterkwaliteitsprobleem. Na de realisatie van het meer in 1971 werd het meer wat minder zout (ruim 1‰ oftewel 700 mg Cl’/l per jaar) door de neerslag minus verdamping en afvloeiing van zoet en brak water van de eilanden (bij elkaar ca. 2 m 3/sec). In deze periode voor de realisatie van de Brouwerssluis, 7 jaar, is het zoutgehalte van het meer met ca. 5000 mg Cl’/l gedaald. Voor de invloed op de verzilting naar het grondwater natuurlijk een verbetering. Het zoutgehalte zakte op het meer van 30 naar 22‰ tot de opening van de Brouwerssluis in juli 1978, waarna vanuit de Voordelta water met zoutgehaltes tussen 27 en 33‰ op het meer kwam. Er ontstond een sterke gelaagdheid met een laag zoutgehalte in de bovenlaag. Het zwaardere binnenkomende water stroomde in de onderlaag en ontwikkelde zuurstofgebrek met massale sterfte van flora en fauna. De grenslaag steeg tot 8 meter onder de waterspiegel in sept. 1979. Besloten werd om de sluis alleen nog in het winterhalfjaar open te houden. Een periode ook waarin de Voordelta het minst onder invloed staat van de rivierafvoeren via het Haringvliet. In die eerste 20 jaar voldeed het meer aan de waterkwaliteitsdoelstelling. In de 90’er jaren was de jaarlijks optredende zuurstofloze onderlaag ca.3% en lag beneden de grensdoelstelling van 5% van de bodemoppervlakte en het fosfaatgehalte ging omlaag. In 1999 werd evenwel weer overgegaan tot een opening het gehele jaar door.
In deze eeuw groeide door deze voljaarsopening van de Brouwerssluis de bodemoppervlakte aan zuurstofloze onderlaag gestaag tot ca. 15%. In de eerste 10 jaar snel naar 10%. Er wordt meer zout water aan de diepe wateren toegevoegd, waardoor een spronglaag ontstaat, die in de zomer soms tot 8 à 12 m onder de waterspiegel reikt. We worden geconfronteerd met een sterke toename in volume en oppervlakte met een gebrek aan zuurstof (3-5x zo groot Rydberg & Lases, dec. 2019). Het
meer voldoet door deze openingsstrategie niet meer aan de waterkwaliteitsdoelstelling. De oplossing van het probleem is in feite eenvoudig. Terugkeren naar alleen een geopende sluis in het winterhalfjaar. Het kost niets.
Echter de projectgroep geeft er om biologische redenen de voorkeur aan de sluis het hele jaar geopend te houden. Maar ook bij een voljaarsopening kan met beperkte middelen aan de waterkwaliteitsdoelstelling voldaan worden. Op enkele diepe punten is een mechanische verticale beluchting via een pijp middels een pompsysteem te realiseren. Heel effectief, omdat menging wordt geforceerd door zuurstofrijk lichter oppervlaktewater in diep zuurstofarm zwaar bodemwater te pompen. In een soortgelijke geometrische situatie in Zweden herstelde de bodem flora en fauna zich binnen twee jaar. De benodigde energie wordt geschat op een paar honderd kWh/dag. Daar zijn geen grote infrastructurele maatregelen voor nodig.
Via de Brouwerssluis vindt onder invloed van het getij een uitwisseling plaats tussen water uit een beperkt gebied voor en achter de sluis. Verdere beïnvloeding van het water op het meer vindt plaats onder invloed van de wind en door verschil in dichtheid (zwaarte) van lichter warm en zwaarder koud water en door lichter water met lager zoutgehalte en zwaarder water met hoger zoutgehalte. Het is een ingewikkelde mix van diverse waterbewegingen met vorming van tussenlagen en verschillen in zuurstofgehalte.
Het water in de Voordelta wordt gedurende het jaar meer of minder beïnvloed door de zoetwaterafvoer door de Haringvlietsluizen. Bij hoge afvoer vermindert het zoutgehalte in de Voordelta en de voedingsstoffen nemen toe. Men name in het voorjaar. Dan kan het zoutgehalte zelfs iets onder dat van het meer komen, zodat de uitwisseling een ander karakter heeft. Zo kunnen ook variabele verschillen in temperatuur tussen Voordelta en meer optreden. In het voorjaar en de zomer is het stikstofgehalte in de Voordelta beduidend hoger dan in het meer en zorgt voor een stikstofbelasting op het meer. Aan de andere kant zorgt in het meer de zich opbouwende zuurstofloze onderlaag voor afbraak van de stikstof, dat als gas ontwijkt. Zo vermindert het stikstofgehalte weer. Maar toename en afbraak van het stikstofgehalte is op het meer verschillend. In die zuurstofloze onderlaag vindt teruglevering van fosfaat uit de bodem plaats en is er een netto afvoer van fosfaat naar de Voordelta. Een grondige analyse van die processen is gedaan door em. prof. Lars Rydberg, oceanograaf, die grote expertise heeft op dit gebied in baaien in Scandinavië. Het levert aanvullende kennis op het werk dat door de projectgroep is gedaan en leidt tot een bijgestelde kijk.
N.B. . Een leuke gebeurtenis is b.v. dat de zeehond in de zomer een kijkje is komen nemen op het meer. Zowaar werd bij de uitbreiding van de Natura-2000 aanwijzing in 2017 de habitat zeehond toegevoegd. Kennelijk wordt het van groot Europees belang gevonden om deze recreant hier te houden.
Ir. W.B.P.M. Lases.
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