| 05-07-2021 |
Het tijdvak 1795-1810 was de Bataafse Republiek gevolgd door de regeerperiode van koning Lodewijk Napoleon. Het was ook een periode van een aantal watersnoden waaronder die van 1809 toen grote delen van Midden-Nederland in het gebied van Maas, Waal, Merwede en IJssel overstroomden.
In deze periode veranderde – in mijn ogen – het denken van de centrale landsregering over het waterbeheer. Ten tijde van de republiek der zeven provinciën was er op het gebeid van het waterbeheer vrijwel geen landelijk gezag c.q. beleid.
Dat alles veranderde met de Staatsregeling voor het Bataafse Volk 1798. Er kwam in 1798 een afdeling nationale waterstaatszorg en er werd gestart met de technische rijksdienst (vanaf 1810 Corps Ingenieurs). Deze vielen onder het agentschap (=ministerie van) Binnenlandse zaken.
Wat op mij als waterschap bestuurder (vanaf 1993) het meeste indruk maakte, was de impliciete erkenning van het belang van water bij de (bestuurlijke) inrichting van ons land.
De Staatsregeling verdeelde het grondgebied der Bataafsche Republiek niet in provincies maar in “Agt Departementen, met naame:
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Het Eerste Departement: van de Eems.
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Tweede Departement: van den Ouden Yssel.
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Derde Departement: van den Rhijn.
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Vierde Departement: van den Amstel.
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Vijfde Departement: van Texel.
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Zesde Departement: van de Delf.
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Zevende Departement: van de Dommel.
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Agtste Departement: van de Schelde en Maas.” (zie foto)
Bij de indeling waren de waterstaatkundige grenzen in hoge mate bepaald door de loop van de rivieren en stroomgebieden. Buiten het starten van de afdeling nationale waterstaatszorg werd er in 1805 een waterbouwkundige vakopleiding toegevoegd aan de militaire academies. De waterstaatkundige kennisopbouw was tot 1805 vooral een taak van de hoogheemraad- en waterschappen. De vakopleiding bij de militaire academies was de start van de bundeling en borging van de waterstaatkennis die Nederland op dit vlak wereldleider zou gaan maken.
Napoleon Bonaparte besloot in 1806 een eind te maken aan de Bataafse Republiek, omdat hij een sterk gezag wenste in de strategisch gelegen Nederlanden. Hij plaatste daarom zijn jongere broer Lodewijk Napoleon op de troon. Op 5 juni 1806 werd Lodewijk Napoleon koning van Holland.
Koning Lodewijk, aanvankelijk door zijn onderdanen gezien als louter een zetbaas van Napoleon Bonaparte, maakte zich snel geliefd onder het volk door zijn betrokken optreden bij rampen. In 1808 besloot hij tot de oprichting van het Ministerie van Waterstaat.
Het koninkrijk Holland werd op 9 juli 1810 per decreet (van Rambouillet) ingelijfd bij het Franse keizerrijk. Per keizerlijk decreet werd ‘Holland’ toen ingedeeld in zeven departementen die de namen van rivieren kregen.
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Ems Occidentale (Groningen en Drenthe)
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Ems Oriental (Oost-Friesland)
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Frise (Friesland)
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Bouches de l’Yssel (Overijssel)
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Yssel Supérieur (Gelderland)
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Zuiderzee (Noord-Holland en Utrecht)
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Bouches de la Meuse (Zuid-Holland) (zie foto)
De waterschappen streven al vele jaren naar meer invloed op de gemeentelijke en provinciale ruimtelijke ordeningsplannen. Adviseren vanuit je deskundigheid is leuk maar als gemeenten bij de vaststelling van bestemmingsplannen met die mooie adviezen niet of slechts beperkt rekeninghouden is het resultaat te beperkt. Als er dan toch wateroverlast optreedt, krijgen de waterschappen veelal de ‘zwartepiet’ toebedeeld. In de Bataafse Republiek en in het koninkrijk Holland van Lodewijk Napoleon begreep het landelijk bestuur wel, gezien de naamgeving van de departementen, dat water wel degelijk het ordenend principe was.
Soms is het goed zaken, die de fundering zijn van ons waterbeleid, eens aan de graftomben der herinnering in ontrukken en in het volle licht te zetten, in de hoop dat deze de landelijke bestuurders van nu tot inspiratie dienen.
Louis van der Kallen.
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