| 01-01-2018 | 12.45 uur |
OVER WATER – 124: SUGGESTIES VOOR DE GEMEENTERAADSPROGRAMMA’S
Bovengrondse hemelwaterafvoer
Onze steden en dorpen zijn grotendeels verhard door wegen, pleinen, parkeerterreinen, betegelde tuinen en gebouwen. Regenwater kan daardoor maar beperkt opgenomen worden door de ondergrond. Het regenwater wordt dan bijna volledig, buiten het zicht van de bewoners, afgevoerd via het riool, wat bij hevige buien kan leiden tot overbelasting van het rioolstelsel en de rioolwaterzuivering en kan leiden tot verontreinigd water op straat. Bovengrondse afvoer van hemelwater maakt het water zichtbaar en kost in veel gevallen minder dan de aanleg van een gescheiden rioolstelsel. Een nevenvoordeel is dat foute aansluitingen voorkomen kunnen worden of snel opgespoord en bewoners minder snel geneigd zijn vervuilende handelingen op straat te verrichten. Ook vergroot bovengrondse afvoer de betrokkenheid van bewoners bij de waterhuishouding en kan de vormgeving van de afvoer een verrijking zijn van het straatbeeld.
In een land als Nederland is oppervlaktewater vaak dichtbij, dan zijn molgoten (maximale diepte 5 centimeter) een mogelijkheid. Het straatprofiel blijf dan gelijk alleen de kolken kunnen verdwijnen en de molgoten kunnen met borstelwagens nog gereinigd worden. Ook zijn molgoten in een prefab versie beschikbaar. In gebieden met een natuurlijk verval zijn open goten een alternatief. Die kunnen weliswaar niet meer met een borstelwagen gereinigd worden, maar door het grotere verval worden ze vanzelf schoongespoeld door het hemelwater. Ook met bedekte (prefab) goten is veel mogelijk zij kunnen met grotere diepten veel water afvoeren en zijn geen obstakel voor het verkeer en zijn zeer geschikt voor binnenstedelijke situaties. Andere mogelijkheden en nieuwbouw situaties zijn: holle wegen, greppels en stedelijke waterlopen.
Hemelwater bufferen/infiltreren
Sinds de industrialisatie is de groei van steden versneld en is, om redenen van volksgezondheid, overgegaan tot het gezamenlijk afvoeren van het afvalwater en het hemelwater door middel van ondergrondse riolen. Door de klimaatveranderingen is er sprake van toenemende neerslag in korte perioden, waardoor de bestaande riolen vaak niet meer toereikend zijn. Gecombineerd met het besef dat het schone hemelwater niet noodzakelijker wijze in ondergrondse riolen en voor veel geld afgevoerd en gereinigd dient te worden, is het zaak te komen tot een wijziging van het huidige beleid en verandering van de praktijk.
Vertragen en bufferen moet het uitgangspunt zijn. Infiltratie in de bodem is ook goed voor de aanpak van hittestress. Water in de bodem werkt koelend bij verdamping. De verhardingen en bebouwingen zijn voor hemelwaterinfiltratie de belemmerende factoren. Die moeten dus aangepakt worden. In veel stedelijke gebieden is veel oppervlak onnodig verhard, veelal omdat het onderhoud minder nodig en goedkoper zou zijn. Onbedekt/ongebruikt verhard oppervlak moet echter ook onderhouden worden. Nu vaak met ongewenste bestrijdingsmiddelen. Onbebouwde wilde grasvelden, die bijvoorbeeld maar twee keer per jaar gemaaid behoeven te worden, zouden best wel eens een goed en kostenbewust alternatief kunnen zijn. De campagne steenbreek: ’tegels eruit, groen of tuin erin’ is daarvoor zowel voor burgers als overheden een goede start.
Maar er kan veel meer. Zoals de toepassing van waterdoorlatende verhardingsmaterialen. Te denken is aan: grasbetonstenen, poreuze klinkers, klinkers met open voegen of losse materialen als grind, steenslag, schelpen of houtspaanders. Maar ook combinaties zoals mengsels van steenslag en gras en open bestratingspatronen. Als er meer ruimte is en de bodem geschikt, kan hemelwater ook van daken en verharde oppervlakken direct naar grasvelden, plantsoenen, wadi’s of oppervlaktewateren als brand- en hemelwatervijvers geleid worden ter infiltratie. Ook aangelegde infiltratie-stroken/kratten/putten en grindbakken/koffers, waterpleinen en groene daken kunnen afhankelijk van de situatie goede alternatieven zijn. Positieve effecten kunnen zijn: aanpak verdroging natuur, vermindering hittestress, verbetering luchtkwaliteit, verbetering van de biodiversiteit en verhoging van de belevingswaarde van een meer groene omgeving. Als er veel ruimte is kan er ook gekozen worden voor een ‘urban wetland’ zoals Kristalbad tussen Hengelo en Enschede.
Als vrijwilligheid niet werkt kan een ’tegeltax’ een reëel alternatief worden. Ik schreef daar eerder over.
Wat kunnen burgers zelf
Er komt meer regen en de buien worden intensiever (meer neerslag in korte tijd). Nederland zal op een andere manier met regenwater om moeten gaan. Dat kunnen overheden niet alleen. Ook de hulp van burgers is nodig te beginnen met de eigen tuin en het eigen dak van huis of schuur.
Wat tips.
- Eruit die tegels. Gras is een goed alternatief. Bij langdurige hitte wordt uw omgeving dan ook nog eens minder warm en koelt het in de zomernachten beter af.
- Ook houtsnippers, waterdoorlatende tegels, grind, schelpen en cacaodoppen zijn goede tegel vervangers.
- Ontkoppel de regenpijp en sluit die aan op een vijver of regenton.
- Gebruik regenwater om het toilet door te spoelen.
- Zet wormen uit in je tuin. Zij verbeteren de grondstructuur zodat de grond beter water kan opnemen.
- Creëer hoogteverschillen in de tuin zodat het water van bijvoorbeeld een terras makkelijk afvloeit naar een lager gelegen deel waar het water in de grond kan trekken.
- Kies planten die veel water verdampen en regenbestendige soorten, zoals munt, lavendel, pinkersbloem, gagel, kardinaalsmuts of bomen zoals de meidoorn, de knotwilg of een plataan.
- Kies voor een groen dak of gevelbeplanting. Ze leveren ook een bijdrage aan de aanpak van hittestress.
Het kan anders en iedereen kan een bijdrage leveren.
Louis van der Kallen
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