| 22-02-2022 |
Het testcentrum voor getijdenenergie bij de Flakkeese Spuisluis is mislukt. Het geplande vervolg hierop is een grote doorlaat in de noordelijke Brouwersdam, zo mogelijk gecombineerd met een getijdencentrale. Dit project genaamd ‘Getij Grevelingen’ kost honderden miljoenen, maar zorgt helaas niet voor de beoogde menging van het water en een centrale is onrendabel. Niet doen dus! Nu wil men zout water door de Flakkeese Spuisluis heen en weer laten stromen om het zuurstofgehalte van de Grevelingen te verhogen. Dit geeft hoogstens ter plekke enig effect. Een zuurstofrijk zout meer is wel te realiseren door een scherm te plaatsen tussen de stroomgeleidingswanden van de Brouwerssluis. Via een opening aan de bodem wordt dan de zware zuurstofloze onderlaag vanaf een diepte van 25 à 30 meter naar zee geheveld. Voorlopig zou dit kunnen, maar is het langer zout houden met de huidige zoetwatertekorten wel verantwoord?
Detail kaart 11 ‘Het wordt zouter’, Nationaal Waterplan 2009-2015
De wateropgaven voor klimaatbestendigheid
Waterveiligheid en zoetwatervoorziening, de hoofddoelen van de Zuiderzeewerken en de Deltawerken, zijn ook de hoofddoelen van het huidige Deltaprogramma. Ir. Johan van Veen voorzag het Deltaplan daarom van zeewerende dammen aan de kust voor de waterveiligheid en van zoete wateren voor de zoetwatervoorziening. Dat het laatste niet volgens plan is uitgevoerd, blijkt een grove misrekening. Het zoutgehalte in de wateren steeg in 40 jaar tijd zo sterk dat Zeeland zouter werd dan ooit. De bodemverzilting noodzaakt de overheid om te zoeken naar maatregelen voor de zoetwatervoorziening, waarbij men ook aanvoer van buiten de provincie overweegt. Het meest effectief is het om de oorzaak van de verzilting aan te pakken en de wateren te verzoeten. De Staten van Zeeland hebben mede daarom eind 2021 met een ruime meerderheid een amendement aangenomen om alle toekomstige opties voor zoetwatervoorziening open te houden.
Mythe versus realiteit
Met veel propaganda overvleugelde het sprookje van een zout natuureldorado de werkelijkheid. Zolang de Zeeuwse wateren zout blijven en de kwaliteit ervan sterk achteruit gaat, zal men keer op keer pogen de milieuproblemen met getijden op te lossen. Het Uitvoeringsprogramma Zuidwestelijke Delta 2010-2015+ heeft namelijk in dit deel van voormalig zoet laag Nederland nog altijd een sterke invloed op onder meer de Gebiedsagenda Zuidwestelijke Delta 2050, het Zeeuws Deltaplan Zoet Water en tal van projecten en experimenten.pdf met zout en getijden. Zolang een sturende regie vanuit de overheid ontbreekt, verandert er weinig aan deze situatie.
Locaties van bestaande, geplande en wenselijke doorlaten
Plannen voor een open Haringvliet en een doorlaat in de Brouwersdam naar de Grevelingen halen zee en zout binnen, verlengen de kwetsbare kustlijn, bevorderen de verzilting, verkleinen de noodbergingscapaciteit en stuwen het rivierwater in het binnenland op tot gevaarlijke hoogten. Waarom zou het benedenrivierengebied moeten verzilten en het zeewater ver landinwaarts tegen de Grevelingendam en de Oesterdam moeten klotsen? Hoe absurd is het dat langs de Westerschelde natuurlijke hoge gronden, veel ouder dan de zeegaten, worden afgegraven waarna ze vervolgens dagelijks met zwaar verontreinigd zout water overstromen? Zoute getijdenwateren stijgen mee met de zeespiegel en verhogen zowel het overstromingsgevaar als de zoute kweldruk. Dus niets ‘Veilig Veerkrachtig Vitaal’. In plaats van robuustheid veroorzaken open verbindingen met de zee een toenemende kwetsbaarheid. Vol ongeloof zal men zich later afvragen wat die Nederlanders toch bezielden om dergelijke loze plannen te realiseren. Laten we bij alles vooruit denken, voorwaarts naar klimaatbestendigheid.
Cultuur en natuur
Alle Nederlandse landschappen zijn cultuurgebieden. Cultuur en natuur zijn er onafscheidelijk en water is daarbij het verbindend element. Bodemdaling tot beneden zeeniveau, als gevolg van ontwatering en winning van veen, noodzaakt tot een technisch gereguleerd watersysteem van polderlandschappen. Door verwaarlozing van dijkonderhoud en militaire inundaties konden stormen en watersnoodrampen veel van het lage land veranderen in wadden en zeegaten. Moeten we de extreem zoute situatie van Zeeland nu als een voldongen feit gaan beschouwen? Gaan we vanuit de ontstane achterstandspositie het schaarse zoete water met kunst en vliegwerk benutten of kiezen we in de beperkte tijd die nog rest voor klimaatbestendige oplossingen? Aan ons is de keuze zout of zoet.
Zware verzilting, toenemende onveiligheid en een natuurillusie.
Illustratie: Uitvoeringsprogramma ZWD ‘Veilig Veerkrachtig Vitaal’
Kijk niet weg van de ernst van de situatie
Nu de mens klimaatverandering en zeespiegelstijging veroorzaakt, gaat hij ook daar de gevolgen van ondervinden. Het beeld van verdrinkend Nederland wordt dan wel benadrukt omdat de klimaatdoelen de hoogste prioriteit dienen te krijgen, maar gelijkertijd moeten we het watersysteem tijdig aanpassen aan een versnelde zeespiegelstijging die er zonder twijfel aankomt. Gezien de ernst van de situatie mogen we niet een andere kant uitkijken.Door nader onderzoek kan men, aansluitend bij het verleden, de veranderingen op langere termijn in ogenschouw nemen en voortgaande keuzes maken. We hebben meer invloed dan ooit. Alleen ontbreekt het soms aan inzicht. “Voor willen komt weten” (Jan Terlouw).
Natuur lift mee met klimaatmaatregelen
Nieuwe estuariene natuur ontstaat door aanwas in de Voordelta, een proces dat we met golfbreektechnieken en het manipuleren van stromingen kunnen stimuleren.pdf. Het benutten van natuurlijke processen is duurzamer dan suppleren. Aanleg van migratierivieren op de aanslibbende platen in zee maken vispassage mogelijk zonder dat Nederland verzilt. De natuur past zich al duizenden jaren aan bij de gevolgen van het menselijk handelen en doet dat ook bij klimaatverandering en zeespiegelstijging. Meebewegen met de maatregelen voor klimaatbestendigheid betekent voor de natuurbeweging het deels herzien van vele in het verleden bevochten verworvenheden, zoals de natuurwetgeving, statussen en instandhoudingsdoelen, om ruimte te geven aan een natuur- en milieubeleid dat open staat voor transformatie en herbestemming.
Door nijpende zoetwatertekorten groeit de behoefte aan een zuidwestelijke zoetwatervoorraad. We zien steeds meer het belang van het vasthouden van zoet water. Zoetwatermilieus zijn een kostbaar goed en mondiaal zeer zeldzaam. Ze zijn van levensbelang voor de mens en dragen in hoge mate bij aan de biodiversiteit. Zo kunnen zoete meren een kraamkamer vormen voor al die trekvissen die hun eerste levensfase in zoet water doorbrengen.
Een stap voorwaarts
We kennen de oorzaken en bedreigingen. Laten we tijdig voorkomen dat de zoetwatervoorziening en de natuurbelangen in een achterhoedegevecht geraken. Dit door de wateren te verzoeten voordat de milieukwaliteit van de tot nu toe zout gehouden wateren nog verder achteruit gaat. Verzoeting van de Grevelingen is een relatief eenvoudige eerste maatregel. Door de Deltadienst is begin zeventiger jaren onderzocht hoe het Grevelingenmeer op de meest milieuvriendelijk wijze kan verzoeten.pdf met behulp van een dichtheidsscherm voor de Brouwerssluis.
Eenmaal in enkele maanden tijd verzoet, of desgewenst wat langer, heeft Zeeland een forse stap gezet naar een klimaatbestendige regio.
Wil Borm
Adviesgroep Borm & Huijgens
Dick Butijn
De Haakse Zeedijk
Deelnemers aan het Kennisprogramma Zeespiegelstijging van het Deltaprogramma
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